Orton-Gillingham
Usoro Orton-Gillingham bụ usoro ụdaume dị iche iche maka ntụziaka ọgụgụ nke mepụtara na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. A na-eme ya dị ka ụzọ doro anya, nke doro anya, nghọta, nke na-agbakọta, na nke nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikọkarị ya na ịkụzi ndị nwere dyslexia, ọ dị nnọọ irè maka ndị mmadụ niile na-amụta ịgụ, ịpị mkpụrụ, na ide. Na US, ihe karịrị mmemme azụmahịa 15 yana ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere dyslexia na nkwarụ mmụta metụtara ya na-akwalite ya.
Academy of Orton-Gillingham, nke a na-akpọbu "The Orton Society", na-enye ndị mmadụ asambodo na-enweta usoro ọzụzụ na OGA Fellow na ndị mechara ọrụ nlekọta. A kwadoro kọmitii a n'okpuru NYS Board of regents.
Orton na Gillingham[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Samuel Torrey Orton (1879-1948), onye na-ahụ maka akwara na ọrịa na Mahadum Columbia, mụrụ ụmụaka nwere nsogbu nhazi asụsụ dịka dyslexia. Ya na onye nkuzi na onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Anna Gillingham (1878-1963), mepụtara usoro iji kụzie ịgụ ihe, nke jikọtara usoro mmụta kinesthetic (nke dabeere na mmegharị) na nke a na-emetụ aka (nke dabeare na mmetụta) na nkuzi nke echiche anya na nke ịnụ ihe.[1]
N'afọ 1935, Gillingham, ya na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge Bessie Stillman, bipụtara akwụkwọ ntuziaka Gillingham-Stillman, Remedial Training for Children with Specific Disability in Reading, Spelling and Penmanship. A maara nke a ugbu a dị ka usoro Orton-Gillingham (O-G), "usoro ụdaume dị iche iche maka ntụziaka ọgụgụ. "[2]
Mmejuputa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
The Institute of Education Sciences (onwe, non-partisan statistics, research, and evaluation arm of the U.S. Department of Education), na-akọwa usoro dị ka ndị a: "Orton-Gillingham bụ usoro sara mbara, nke nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta maka ịkụzi ịgụ na ịpị mkpụrụ nke enwere ike ịgbanwe maka onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ otu ntụziaka na ọkwa ọgụgụ niile. Oge nkuzi bụ ihe na-elekwasị anya na ihe ndị na-anụ ihe, anya, na kinesthetic na-eme ka ibe ha sikwuo ike.[3]
Dị ka Rose na Zirkel si kwuo, mmemme O-G na-ejikarị usoro multi-sensory akụzi echiche ndị bụ isi nke mkpụrụ okwu, ide, na ịgụ ihe ma na-aga n'ihu na-ewulite na nkà ndị a zụrụ. " Variants of O-G "ewere ụdị ihe karịrị mmemme azụmahịa 15 na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere nkwarụ. "[1]
Nnyocha banyere ịdị irè ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'afọ 2000, National Reading Panel gụnyere usoro Orton-Gillingham na ọmụmụ ihe ha, "Kụziaka Ụmụaka Ịgụ: Nnyocha nke Akwụkwọ Nnyocha Sayensị na Ịgụ na Mmetụta Ya maka Ntụziaka Ịgụ. " Panel ahụ kwadoro mkpa ọ dị inye ntụziaka klas na ịmara ụdaume, ụdaume, fluency, okwu, na nghọta.[4]
The Florida Center for Reading Research kọrọ na 2006 na ọ nweghị ike ịchọpụta ọmụmụ ihe ọ bụla na-enyocha ịdị irè nke usoro ahụ kpọmkwem dị ka akọwapụtara na ihe ọzụzụ Orton-Gillingham. N'ihi ya, enweghi ihe akaebe nyocha iji chọpụta ịdị irè ya, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ọmụmụ dịgasị iche iche nke usoro ndị sitere na ya nke na-agụnye akụkụ nke Orton-Gillingham na njikọta ya na usoro ndị ọzọ.[5]
Nchịkọta nke nyocha niile a kọrọ banyere usoro Orton-Gillingham, dị ka Alphabetic Phonics ma ọ bụ Project Read, kpughere naanị ọmụmụ iri na abụọ nwere nsonaazụ na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ na ọtụtụ ntụpọ usoro. N'agbanyeghị nkwubi okwu ndị a, isiokwu ahụ na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke nyocha dịnụ, nke a na-ele anya nke ọma ga-egosi ụfọdụ ihe akaebe nke uru site na iji usoro OG na klas na ndị nọ na klas mbụ, yana iji ya na agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ ntọala ụlọ enyemaka na ụmụaka ndị okenye nwere nkwarụ mmụta.[6]
Dị ka nyocha nke akwụkwọ ahụ si kwuo na 2008, a chọpụtabeghị ịdị irè ya.[7]
N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2010, ụlọ ọrụ US Department of Education kọrọ na ọ pụghị ịchọta ọmụmụ ihe ọ bụla na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ihe akaebe ya iji kwado ịdị irè nke atụmatụ Orton-Gillingham.[8]
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rose (November 2007). "Orton-Gillingham Methodology for Students With Reading Disabilities: 30 Years of Case Law". The Journal of Special Education 41 (3): 171–185. DOI:10.1177/00224669070410030301. Àtụ:ERIC Àtụ:ProQuest.
- ↑ How a Class of 1900 alumna influenced dyslexia research. Swarthmore Bulletin (2019). Retrieved on March 26, 2020. “In 1929, Gillingham met neurologist Samuel T. Orton, a pioneer in the field of learning disabilities, and soon after joined him on a research fellowship. Gillingham collaborated with Bessie W. Stillman to turn some of Orton’s ideas into practical form with the Gillingham–Stillman manual, also known as the Orton–Gillingham method, a multisensory phonics technique for remedial reading instruction.”
- ↑ Unbranded Orton-Gillingham-based Interventions, What works clearinghouse, July 2010. Archived from the original on 2023-06-26. Retrieved on 2023-10-27.
- ↑ Langengerg, Ph.D. Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction. National Reading Panel. Retrieved on 26 May 2016.
- ↑ "Orton-Gillingham Approach". Retrieved on 2007-05-23.
- ↑ Ritchey (November 2006). "Orton-Gillingham and Orton-Gillingham—Based Reading Instruction: A Review of the Literature". The Journal of Special Education 40 (3): 171–183. DOI:10.1177/00224669060400030501.
- ↑ Turner, III (June 2008). "This systematic review empirically documents that the effectiveness of Orton-Gillingham and Orton-Gillingham-based reading instruction remains to be determined1". Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention 2 (2): 67–69. DOI:10.1080/17489530802037564.
- ↑ (July 2010) Orton-Gillingham-based Strategies. US Dept of Education. “Orton-Gillingham is a broad, multisensory approach to teaching reading and spelling that can be modified for individual or group instruction at all reading levels. Teaching sessions are action oriented with auditory, visual, and kinesthetic elements reinforcing one another. The approach targets persons with the kinds of language processing problems (reading, spelling, and writing) associated with dyslexia.”