Igbochi ọrịa n'oge afọ ime

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Immunization during pregnancy bu ogwu mgbochi nke ana enye nwaanyi di ime. Ana eme nkea iji gbochie nwaanyi ahu n'oria maobu iji gbanye ya antibody nke ga agafee placenta ruo ebe NWA ahu no eji Nye ya ahuike ma amuo ya. N'obodo did iche iche dika US, Canada, UK, Australia na new Zealand ana agba ogwu mgbochi Oria influenza, COVI-19, na whooping cough ma nwaanyi di ime. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Enwere ike inye ọgwụ mgbochi ndị ọzọ n'oge ime ebe njem ma ọ bụ ọrụ na-emetụta ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-eme ka nke a dị mma. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ọgwụ mgbochi na-egbochi n'oge ime. Ndị a gụnyere ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nke gụnyere ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi MMR na BCG, ebe ọ bụ na enwere ihe ize ndụ na ndị a nwere ike ibute nwa e bu n'afọ.

Ọgwụ mgbochi ụkwara na ime ime[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụmụ ọhụrụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ibute ọrịa, ọkachasị tupu ha enweta ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa mbụ ha. N'ihi nke a, a na-enye ụfọdụ ọgwụ mgbochi n'oge ime iji mee ka mmeghachi omume nke ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na-eme ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa gafee Placenta ma banye n'ime nwa e bu n'afọ: nke a na-emebi ihe na nwa ọhụrụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1879, a chọpụtara na ụmụ ọhụrụ a mụrụ mgbe a na-agba ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa n'oge ha dị ime na-echebe onwe ha pụọ na kịtịkpa.[8] Otú ọ dị, a naghị eji ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa mbụ mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'oge ime n'ihi na, dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi dị ndụ, a na-egbochi ojiji ya.   [citation needed]

Tetanus bụ nje bacteria nke Clostridium tetani kpatara. Ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa site na ogwe umbilical ha a na-agwọghị agwọ, ọkachasị mgbe ejiri ngwá ọrụ na-abụghị nke na-adịghị agwọ agwọ bepụ eriri umbilical, ma na-arịa ọrịa zuru oke. E nyere Ọgwụ mgbochi tetanus toxoid ikike mbụ maka iji ya mee ihe na 1938 ma, n'ime afọ ndị 1960, a chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa tetanus n'oge ime nwere ike igbochi tetanus nwa ọhụrụ.[9] Ule ndị sochirinụ gosiri na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-ebelata ọnwụ ụmụ ọhụrụ site na tetanus site na 94%.[10][11] N'afọ 1988, Nzukọ Ahụike Ụwa mere mkpebi iji ọgwụ mgbochi nke nne iji kpochapụ tetanus nwa ọhụrụ site n'afọ 2000. Ọ bụ ezie na ewepụtabeghị tetanus nwa ọhụrụ, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017, e mere atụmatụ na ụmụ ọhụrụ 31,000 na-anwụ kwa afọ site na tetanus, site na 787,000 na 1987. [12]

Ọkụ na-efe efe, ma ọ bụ pertussis, bụ ọrịa iku ume na-efefe nke nje bacteria Bordetella pertussis kpatara. Ọ na-egbu egbu na 0.5% nke ụmụ ọhụrụ na USA.[13] E mepụtara ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ maka ụkwara na 1930s, na 1940s, otu nnyocha chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'ime ime na-echebe ụmụ ọhụrụ pụọ na ụkwara na-eme ka ha ghara ịmalite.[14]

A na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi tetanus na whooping ụkwara n'oge ime, dịka ọmụmaatụ dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi DTaP (nke na-echebe megide diphtheria) ma ọ bụ ọgwụ mgbochi 4-in-1 (nke na'echebe megide ọrịa diphtheria na polio).   [citation needed]

Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi influenza n'oge afọ ime[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Influenza bụ ọrịa iku ume nke nje influenza kpatara. Ndị inyom dị ime na-emetụta influenza n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị: na ọrịa na-efe efe nke afọ 1918, a kọrọ na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ruru pasent 27 n'ime ndị a na ọrịa na 1957, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 20 nke ndị nwụrụ n'ime ime bụ influenza. Na ọrịa na-efe efe nke afọ 2009, ọbụlagodi na ọganihu ahụike, ụmụ nwanyị dị ime kpatara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ.[15]

A na-eji ọgwụ mgbochi influenza mee ihe na ndị agha US site na 1938, wee jiri ya mee ihe na ndi nkịtị site na 1940s. N'iburu n'uche ohere dị ukwuu nke influenza n'oge ime, ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze na USA tụrụ aro ka a buru ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ụzọ maka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi influenza site na afọ 1960, [16] na CDC kwadoro aro ahụ site na 1997. [17] Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ 2005 ka nnwale ahụike randomized gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya ịdị irè nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi influenza n'ime ime.[18]

Mgbe ọrịa na-efe efe nke afọ 2009 gasịrị, ma Australia ma UK gbakwunyere ọgwụ mgbochi influenza na usoro ihe omume a tụrụ aro maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime.[19]

Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19 n'oge ime[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

COVID-19 bụ ọrịa iku ume nke nje SARS-CoV2 kpatara. Tupu ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19 dị, ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ịchọ nlekọta siri ike, ikuku na-awakpo ma ọ bụ ECMO, mana ọ bụghị n'ihe egwu dị ukwuu nke ọnwụ.[20] Mmetụta na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ịmụ nwa n'oge, ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ na pre-eclampsia dịkwuo ukwuu.[21]

Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19 n'oge ime dị mma ma jikọta ya na ọkwa dị mma nke ihe ize ndụ maka ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ, ịmụ nwa n'oge na nnabata nke nwa ọhụrụ na nlekọta siri ike. Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi nwere ike igbochi ọrịa COVID-19 n'oge ime ọ bụ ezie na a naghị agafe uru ndị a na-egbochi ọrịa n'aka nwatakịrị.[22]

A malitere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19 mRNA na Disemba 2020. N'oge a, n'ịghọta ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa COVID-19 na-eweta n'oge ime, US na Israel nyere ụmụ nwanyị niile dị ime ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya, na nchekwa na ịdị irè mbụ data sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi ndị a na mba ndị a.[23]

Ọgwụ mgbochi Rubella iji gbochie ọrịa nwa e bu n'afọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Rubella, ma ọ bụ German measles, bụ ọrịa na-ebute nje rubella. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-akpatakarị obere ọrịa mana ibute ọrịa n'oge ọ dị ime nwere ike ibute ọrịa nwa ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ ọrịa rubella, nke na-akpata ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ, ntị chiri, ìsì na nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi. E nyere ikike ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi rubella mbụ maka iji ya mee ihe na 1969, na mmepe ya nke ukwuu kpaliri site na ibu arọ nke rubella a mụrụ na 1960s.[24]

N'ihi na ọgwụ mgbochi rubella bụ ọgwụ mgbochi na-adị ndụ, enwere ihe ize ndụ na ọ nwere ike ibute ọrịa nwa ọhụrụ, ọ bụ ezie na a hụtụbeghị ka nke a na-eme. Ya mere, a na-ezere ọgwụ mgbochi rubella n'oge ime. Kama nke ahụ, a na-enye ụmụaka ọgwụ mgbochi iji belata mgbasa nke nje rubella na / ma ọ bụ ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, iji bulie ikike ha tupu ha atụ ime.[25][26]

  1. ↑ Vesikari (2021). "6. Maternal immunization", in Vesikari: Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook, Second (in en), Switzerland: Springer, 49–53. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0. 
  2. ↑ Vaccines During and After Pregnancy (26 January 2022).
  3. ↑ Vaccination and pregnancy: During pregnancy (22 September 2021).
  4. ↑ Vaccinations in pregnancy (9 December 2020).
  5. ↑ Immunisation for pregnancy Australian Government. Department of Health and Aged Care. Retrieved 10 December 2022
  6. ↑ Pregnancy, breastfeeding and COVID-19 vaccines Australian Government. Department of Health and Aged Care. Retrieved 10 December 2022
  7. ↑ Immunisation during pregnancy.
  8. ↑ de Martino (2016). "Dismantling the Taboo against Vaccines in Pregnancy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17 (6): 894. DOI:10.3390/ijms17060894. PMID 27338346. 
  9. ↑ Schofield (1961). "Neonatal tetanus in New Guinea. Effect of active immunization in pregnancy". British Medical Journal 2 (5255): 785–789. DOI:10.1136/bmj.2.5255.785. PMID 13748431. 
  10. ↑ Blencowe (2010). "Tetanus toxoid immunization to reduce mortality from neonatal tetanus". International Journal of Epidemiology 39 (Suppl 1): i102–i109. DOI:10.1093/ije/dyq027. PMID 20348112. 
  11. ↑ Demicheli (2015). "Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015 (7): CD002959. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002959.pub4. PMID 26144877. 
  12. ↑ Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (MNTE).
  13. ↑ Complications of Whooping Cough (Pertussis) | CDC (April 2021).
  14. ↑ Cohen (1943). "The placental transmission of protective antibodies against whooping cough: by inoculation of the pregnant mother". JAMA 121 (9): 656–662. DOI:10.1001/jama.1943.02840090026008. 
  15. ↑ Pazos (2012). "The influence of pregnancy on systemic immunity". Immunologic Research 54 (1–3): 254–61. DOI:10.1007/s12026-012-8303-9. PMID 22447351. 
  16. ↑ Burney (1960). "Influenza immunization: Statement". Public Health Reports 75 (10): 944. DOI:10.2307/4590965. PMID 19316369. 
  17. ↑ (1997) "Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)". MMWR 46: 1–25. 
  18. ↑ Zaman (2008). "Effectiveness of Maternal Influenza Immunization in Mothers and Infants". New England Journal of Medicine 359 (15): 1555–1564. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0708630. PMID 18799552. 
  19. ↑ Mackin (October 2021). "The historical aspects of vaccination in pregnancy" (in en). Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 76: 13–22. DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.09.005. PMID 33168428. 
  20. ↑ (2022-05-30) "Update to living systematic review on covid-19 in pregnancy". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 377: o1205. DOI:10.1136/bmj.o1205. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 35636775. 
  21. ↑ Marchand (2022). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 maternal and neonatal clinical features and pregnancy outcomes up to June 3, 2021". AJOG Global Reports 2 (1): 100049. DOI:10.1016/j.xagr.2021.100049. PMID 35005663. 
  22. ↑ (March 2023) "Effects of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 infection and maternal and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Rev Med Virol 33 (3): e2434. DOI:10.1002/rmv.2434. PMID 36896895. 
  23. ↑ Male (2022). "SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy". Nature Reviews Immunology 22 (5): 277–282. DOI:10.1038/s41577-022-00703-6. PMID 35304596. 
  24. ↑ • Cooper (1985). "The history and medical consequences of rubella". Reviews of Infectious Diseases 7 (Suppl 1): S2-10. DOI:10.1093/clinids/7.supplement_1.s2. PMID 3890105. 
  25. ↑ Miller (1987). "Rubella susceptibility and the continuing risk of infection in pregnancy". BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 294 (6582): 1277–1278. DOI:10.1136/bmj.294.6582.1277. PMID 3109615. 
  26. ↑ Walker (1986). "Measles, mumps, and rubella: the need for a change in immunisation policy". BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 292 (6534): 1501–1502. DOI:10.1136/bmj.292.6534.1501. PMID 3087495. 
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